There are seven different types of
twins: Identical, Fraternal, Mirror-Image, Polar Body (Half
Identical), Mixed Chromosome, Superfecundation, and Superfetation.
Some are obvious, such as identical and fraternal.
Mirror-Image twins occur only in identical twins. In approximately
23 percent of identical twins the egg splits later than usual,
most often day seven or beyond. The original right half of the egg
becomes one individual and the original left half becomes the
other. These twins will often have "mirror images" of their
features, such as hair whorls that run clockwise in one and
counter clockwise in the other, a birthmark on the right shoulder
of one and the left shoulder of the other, etc. The determination
is made by observation only, and the twins must be identical. One
twin will be right-handed, while the co-twin is left-handed. This
may be a partial explanation for the fact that a little over one
third of identical twins are left-handed, double the rate in the
general population. In extreme cases, all of the internal organs
are reversed in one of the twins, with the heart on the right, the
liver on the left and the appendix on the left.
Polar Body or Half Identical twins are unusual and rare. The polar
body appears when the egg has been developing, even before
fertilization. It is a small cell that does not function and will
usually degenerate and die. It is thought that in some cases, when
the egg is old, the splitting off of the polar body takes place in
an abnormal way. It then becomes larger, receives more
nourishment, and does not die as it usually does. Instead, it acts
as a second egg. The polar body and the egg share identical genes
from the mother, but they may then be fertilized by two separate
sperm from the father. This will result in twins who share half
their genes in common (from the mother) and the other half
different (from the two sperm). They share some features of
identical twins and some features of fraternal twins and thus are
called half-identical twins.
Mixed Chromosomes or Chimerism is thought to occur if two separate
sperm fertilize two separate eggs which then fuse, producing
individuals with different sets of chromosomes. Some have been
identified that have more than one distinct red blood cell type
and individuals who are both XX and XY (the sex chromosomes - XX
being female and XY being male.) This phenomenon might also be
associated with fused placentas causing intermixing of the
circulations. It is extremely rare and fewer than twenty-five
cases have been identified.
Superfecundation Twins can have different fathers. It happens when
the mother ovulates more than one egg and has more than one
partner during her fertile period. One egg is fertilized with
sperm from one partner, and the other egg from sperm of the second
partner. These types of twins are always fraternal or dizygotic.
Superfetation occurs when a women ovulates more than one egg, but
the eggs are released at different times, sometimes up to 24 days
apart, and they are fertilized when they are released. The
resulting twin pregnancy has different conception dates, so the
babies may be quite different in size. Days or weeks may separate
the births. It is quite an unusual event. This is called interval
birth.
Feb 1, 2014
Venomous or Poisonous
Fish, snakes, and spiders are often
described as either being venomous or poisonous. The difference is
in the delivery system. Those that are venomous inject their
target with their toxin through a bite, sting, or sharp body
protrusion. Those that are poisonous have toxins that must be
swallowed or inhaled in order to be dangerous.
Venomous animals need to get their toxins beneath the skin and then into the bloodstream to be effective. Some have a venomous bite, but are safe to eat. Many caterpillars have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles, known as urticating hairs, which can be lethal to humans. There are about six venomous snake and about seven venomous spider fatalities in the US each year. Venoms are usually not lethal if swallowed.
Poisonous fish can be potentially deadly if eaten. Poisons work mostly through the digestive system and mucous membranes of the body. Some poisons can be transferred easily to humans by merely touching or handling.
The yellow-bellied sea snake has both a venomous bite and poisonous flesh.
There are several types of venom. Neurotoxins attack the brain and the nerves. Animals whose bite results in paralysis use this type of venom. Cytotoxins are a type of venom that causes the most pain, as this venom attacks cells directly, causing them to rupture and release their contents into the body. Hemotoxins attack blood cells directly and most kill red blood cells, which interrupts the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Not all poisonous or venomous creatures are fatal to humans, but they are all discomforting.
Venomous animals need to get their toxins beneath the skin and then into the bloodstream to be effective. Some have a venomous bite, but are safe to eat. Many caterpillars have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles, known as urticating hairs, which can be lethal to humans. There are about six venomous snake and about seven venomous spider fatalities in the US each year. Venoms are usually not lethal if swallowed.
Poisonous fish can be potentially deadly if eaten. Poisons work mostly through the digestive system and mucous membranes of the body. Some poisons can be transferred easily to humans by merely touching or handling.
The yellow-bellied sea snake has both a venomous bite and poisonous flesh.
There are several types of venom. Neurotoxins attack the brain and the nerves. Animals whose bite results in paralysis use this type of venom. Cytotoxins are a type of venom that causes the most pain, as this venom attacks cells directly, causing them to rupture and release their contents into the body. Hemotoxins attack blood cells directly and most kill red blood cells, which interrupts the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Not all poisonous or venomous creatures are fatal to humans, but they are all discomforting.
Stamp Price Increase
In case you did not notice, the
price of a US stamp went up 6.5% to 49 cents on January 27.
Slipped past me this past week.
IKEA Naming System
The system was created by
dyslexic founder Ingvar Kamprad, who wanted to avoid relying on
numbers. Here is the system for naming items:
Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish place names
Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names
Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names
Bookcase ranges: Occupations
Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers, and bays
Chairs, desks: men's names
Fabrics, curtains: women's names
Garden furniture: Swedish islands
Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives
Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms
There are too many more to mention here, but if you want to learn the rest, you can go to http://lar5.com/ikea/ and peruse the IKEA Dictionary.
Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish place names
Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names
Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names
Bookcase ranges: Occupations
Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers, and bays
Chairs, desks: men's names
Fabrics, curtains: women's names
Garden furniture: Swedish islands
Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives
Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms
There are too many more to mention here, but if you want to learn the rest, you can go to http://lar5.com/ikea/ and peruse the IKEA Dictionary.
Double Meaning Animals
We do not often think of the
question of which came first, the chicken or the egg, and we
ignore how many times we egg someone on by calling them chicken.
Here are a few more ways we use animals in discussions.
Someone tried to buffalo me into this.
She double dog dared me
And hounded me for no good reason.
I knew it was a bunch of bull
And was not sheepish in telling her,
But still, I tried to ferret out some information,
Because I could not weasel out of it.
I also could not worm my way out of it.
I was fishing for how to begin this
Without being a leech or trying to sponge off of anyone.
Too often we wolf down food or just plain pig out.
We feel playful and horse around or monkey around.
When we get caught, it is time to pony up.
Children often ape their parents and may parrot what they say.
When someone gooses you, it is time to duck out, but most often they just do it as a lark.
You probably think it is time for me to clam up, but I am not done yet.
I have a few more squirreled away, just to badger you a bit more.
Luckily there were no moles in the crowd to give away my secrets.
Did you ever notice how some people cat around,
Even the coyote ugly ones.
Of course, I am not a social butterfly.
Quit carping, you know I out foxed you.
I led you down the rabbit hole
And snaked my way through another post.
I did not rat anyone out and am still crowing that I managed to finished this
Even if many think the whole thing is for the birds. (OK, so the egg part was a stretch, but it seemed to work.)
Someone tried to buffalo me into this.
She double dog dared me
And hounded me for no good reason.
I knew it was a bunch of bull
And was not sheepish in telling her,
But still, I tried to ferret out some information,
Because I could not weasel out of it.
I also could not worm my way out of it.
I was fishing for how to begin this
Without being a leech or trying to sponge off of anyone.
Too often we wolf down food or just plain pig out.
We feel playful and horse around or monkey around.
When we get caught, it is time to pony up.
Children often ape their parents and may parrot what they say.
When someone gooses you, it is time to duck out, but most often they just do it as a lark.
You probably think it is time for me to clam up, but I am not done yet.
I have a few more squirreled away, just to badger you a bit more.
Luckily there were no moles in the crowd to give away my secrets.
Did you ever notice how some people cat around,
Even the coyote ugly ones.
Of course, I am not a social butterfly.
Quit carping, you know I out foxed you.
I led you down the rabbit hole
And snaked my way through another post.
I did not rat anyone out and am still crowing that I managed to finished this
Even if many think the whole thing is for the birds. (OK, so the egg part was a stretch, but it seemed to work.)
New Way to Achieve Goals
Came across an interesting idea
this week. If you really want to accomplish something, the normal
process is to set a goal by making it a TODO item, such as: 'Lose
five pounds in one month'.
An alternative idea is to turn that goal into a question, such as, 'How can I lose five pounds in one month'? The ideas quickly come, because our mind needs to solve the puzzle we posed. People have a built in need to come up with an answer to a question. It has less need to accomplish a goal.
That question, "How can I drink more water?" might spark all kinds of follow-up questions and ideas. What if I connect drinking water to certain triggers, e.g. taking a swig of water every time I check my email? What if I put a desired amount of water in a bottle each day? The various what, if, and how questions may help you arrive at a concrete plan, instead of just a goal.
An alternative idea is to turn that goal into a question, such as, 'How can I lose five pounds in one month'? The ideas quickly come, because our mind needs to solve the puzzle we posed. People have a built in need to come up with an answer to a question. It has less need to accomplish a goal.
That question, "How can I drink more water?" might spark all kinds of follow-up questions and ideas. What if I connect drinking water to certain triggers, e.g. taking a swig of water every time I check my email? What if I put a desired amount of water in a bottle each day? The various what, if, and how questions may help you arrive at a concrete plan, instead of just a goal.
Jan 24, 2014
Happy Friday
Nature gives us the morning dew. We must make our own morning DO.
I DO always enjoy having a Happy Friday!
I DO always enjoy having a Happy Friday!
Global Belly Laugh Day
Today is Global Belly Laugh Day.
Laughter causes the tissue lining our blood vessels to expand and
increase blood flow. This makes us feel more positive, boosts our
immune systems, increases pain tolerance and makes us feel good. It
is appropriate to be celebrated this time of year as Victor Hugo
said, " Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face."
Send out an email, put up posters, and tell everyone you meet to laugh out loud. Share your laughs with others. Look through old photos of you, family, and friends wearing crazy outfits and send them with good wishes. On your way to work, laugh out loud at every stop light and look around at how many people you can make smile. Ask your work friends to try it on the way home and report back next Monday. This will extend the holiday into next week. Text a picture of you laughing to everyone on your contact list and ask them to do the same. When no one is around, draw a smiley face on any blackboard or whiteboard at work with the words Global Belly Laugh Day.
It is OK to laugh in private, but much better to share. That is why today is not just a local or national holiday, it is a global holiday. Laughter knows no language, age, ethnicity, etc., barriers and can be shared with all.
Today is the day to take the Laughing Oath and paste a copy on your bathroom mirror to remind you every day.
"I do solemnly swear from this day forward
To grease my giggling gears each day
And to wear a grin on my face for no reason at all!
I promise to tap my funny bone often,
With children, family, friends, colleagues and clients,
And to laugh at least fifteen times per day.
I believe that frequent belly laughter
Cures terminal tightness, cerebral stiffness,
And hardening of the attitudes,
And that HA HA often leads to AHA!
Therefore, I vow, from this day forth,
To brighten the day of everyone I meet,
And to laugh long and prosper."
from - The Laughing Classroom, by Diana Loomans and Karen Kolberg
Send out an email, put up posters, and tell everyone you meet to laugh out loud. Share your laughs with others. Look through old photos of you, family, and friends wearing crazy outfits and send them with good wishes. On your way to work, laugh out loud at every stop light and look around at how many people you can make smile. Ask your work friends to try it on the way home and report back next Monday. This will extend the holiday into next week. Text a picture of you laughing to everyone on your contact list and ask them to do the same. When no one is around, draw a smiley face on any blackboard or whiteboard at work with the words Global Belly Laugh Day.
It is OK to laugh in private, but much better to share. That is why today is not just a local or national holiday, it is a global holiday. Laughter knows no language, age, ethnicity, etc., barriers and can be shared with all.
Today is the day to take the Laughing Oath and paste a copy on your bathroom mirror to remind you every day.
"I do solemnly swear from this day forward
To grease my giggling gears each day
And to wear a grin on my face for no reason at all!
I promise to tap my funny bone often,
With children, family, friends, colleagues and clients,
And to laugh at least fifteen times per day.
I believe that frequent belly laughter
Cures terminal tightness, cerebral stiffness,
And hardening of the attitudes,
And that HA HA often leads to AHA!
Therefore, I vow, from this day forth,
To brighten the day of everyone I meet,
And to laugh long and prosper."
from - The Laughing Classroom, by Diana Loomans and Karen Kolberg
National Peanut Butter Day
Interesting that these two
holidays would be on the same day this year. January 24, 2014 is
National Peanut Butter Day.
Peanut butter is a staple in over 90% of US households and the average person consumes more than six pounds of peanut products each year. Women and children prefer creamy peanut butter, while most men go for the chunky variety.
George Bayle, a St. Louis snack food maker, started making peanut butter in the 1890s. For many years, manufacturers struggled with the oil separating from the grainy solids of the peanut butter. In 1923 Heinz became the first company to homogenize the peanuts into the spreadable butter we know and love today.
It takes 550 peanuts to make a 12 ounce jar of peanut butter. It is the high protein content that causes peanut butter to stick to the roof of your mouth.
Peanut butter is a staple in over 90% of US households and the average person consumes more than six pounds of peanut products each year. Women and children prefer creamy peanut butter, while most men go for the chunky variety.
George Bayle, a St. Louis snack food maker, started making peanut butter in the 1890s. For many years, manufacturers struggled with the oil separating from the grainy solids of the peanut butter. In 1923 Heinz became the first company to homogenize the peanuts into the spreadable butter we know and love today.
It takes 550 peanuts to make a 12 ounce jar of peanut butter. It is the high protein content that causes peanut butter to stick to the roof of your mouth.
Nuts Are Healthy
Had been thinking about this and it seems
to fit with peanut butter day. According to data analysis conducted
by researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, and the Harvard School of Public Health and
published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2013, those who
ate nuts nearly every day were 20 percent less likely to die in the
course of two 30-year cohort studies.
Nut eaters were almost 30 percent less likely to die of heart disease and more than 10 percent less likely to die of cancer than those who never ate them, even after adjusting for other lifestyle factors. The nut eaters were also slimmer and had lower rates of type 2 diabetes.
The study found that nuts, such as almonds, cashews, Brazil nuts, and peanuts delivered the health and longevity benefits in direct proportion to consumption.
Researchers tracked the health of 119,000 men and women for 30 years and included detailed dietary questionnaires every four years. “What we find is regular nut consumers are actually lighter; there is less obesity in that group,” said Charles Fuchs, director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment Center at Dana-Farber and senior author of the paper.
Previous studies have also pointed to a correlation between eating nuts and lower risks of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and diverticulitis. Higher nut consumption also has been linked to reductions in cholesterol levels, inflammation, and insulin resistance. It is nuts not to eat nuts.
Nut eaters were almost 30 percent less likely to die of heart disease and more than 10 percent less likely to die of cancer than those who never ate them, even after adjusting for other lifestyle factors. The nut eaters were also slimmer and had lower rates of type 2 diabetes.
The study found that nuts, such as almonds, cashews, Brazil nuts, and peanuts delivered the health and longevity benefits in direct proportion to consumption.
Researchers tracked the health of 119,000 men and women for 30 years and included detailed dietary questionnaires every four years. “What we find is regular nut consumers are actually lighter; there is less obesity in that group,” said Charles Fuchs, director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment Center at Dana-Farber and senior author of the paper.
Previous studies have also pointed to a correlation between eating nuts and lower risks of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and diverticulitis. Higher nut consumption also has been linked to reductions in cholesterol levels, inflammation, and insulin resistance. It is nuts not to eat nuts.
Superman's Real Name
Comic book character Superman's alter
ego, Clark Kent was named after actors Kent Taylor and Clark Gable.
He was also the first superhero to wear a cape.
Shubsthoughts Blogviews
The top ten viewers to my blog last
month in order are:
Russia
United States
Malaysia
Germany
France
China
United Kingdom
Poland
Canada
Ukraine
Thank you to all my new best friends from Russia for being number one. Thank you to all the rest of my new friends from around the globe. Hope you enjoy the content.
Russia
United States
Malaysia
Germany
France
China
United Kingdom
Poland
Canada
Ukraine
Thank you to all my new best friends from Russia for being number one. Thank you to all the rest of my new friends from around the globe. Hope you enjoy the content.
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